What is suspension system of a vehicle
Introduction to Automobile
Suspension System is the Spring Shock absorber has been connected to the front and back axles and helps to drive the vehicle smooth and slower from the vibrations in the road.
Clutch
Types of Clutch Linings:
1. Solid Woven Lining types
2. Moulded Lining types
Solid Woven lining type In this type, Clothes are stitched with the suitable thickness.
Moulded lining types It is formed with the help of asbestos, fibre, glass particles, cloth, metal powder and sticking component with particular pressure.
Clutch
Clutch Lining The two ends of the clutch lining and clutch plate are attached with the help of rivets or some special glue.
The clutch lining is made up of following materials.
1. Asbestos
2. Reybestos
3. Fibre
4. Leather
5. Cork
Clutch
The clutch plate is made of steel with a centrally located hub containing splines. It has moving capacity and is attached to a disk surrounded by cushion springs. Friction lining is secured with rivets or glue. A helical spring in the center absorbs torque, known as the torsional or damper spring.
Clutch
Components of Clutch :
1. Clutch Plate
2. Clutch Lining
3. Pressure Plate
4. Coil Spring
5. Release bearing
6. Clutch linkage
Clutch
Qualities of Good Clutch :
1. Should have high torque transmission.
2. Should join in step-by-step.
3. Should be a good transfer of heat.
4. Operating balance is required.
5. Should be able to bear the shocks.
6. Should have free pedal play.
7. Should be easy to operate.
8. Should be in simple construction, cheap in cost and high working life.
9. Low space should be adequate.
10. Should have high co-efficient of friction
Introduction to Automobile
Electrical system supplies electrical energy which is used to produce the spark for igniting the air fuel mixture in petrol engines, to provide light for the vehicle during night ride, to operate the wiper motor, to light inside the vehicle, to play music and for dashboard lights.
Introduction to Automobile
Wheels and Tyres: The wheels help to carry the vehicle’s entire weight and to drive the vehicle. The wheels are connected to the front and rear axles of a vehicle. They absorb the vibrations produced from the road and help to keep the tyres soft and smooth
Introduction to Automobile
Brakes are installed on the four wheels of the vehicle and work through mechanical connections, hydraulic and air. The very important part of an automobile is the braking system that helps to drive and control the speed of the vehicle within safe speed.
Introduction to Automobile
The steering system operates on a very simple mechanism that directly transforms steering wheel rotation into straight line movement and helps in turn the vehicle as per the road.
Introduction to Automobile
The rear axle connects the rear wheels, aiding in turning on curved roads. The differential gear in the center adjusts speed via the propeller shaft, transferring power at a 90-degree angle to the wheels.
Introduction to Automobile
The front axle connects the front wheels, supporting the vehicle’s front weight while enabling steering and absorbing road shocks.
Introduction to Automobile
The propeller shaft is a long hollow shaft that transmits power from the gearbox to the differential. Positioned between these components, it ensures efficient power transfer.
Introduction to Automobile
The gearbox is a casing containing a set of gears that regulate the vehicle’s speed and torque. It adjusts power based on road and load conditions, ensuring smooth operation.
Introduction to Automobile
The clutch is a mechanical device that controls the transfer of engine power to the driveline. Positioned between the engine and gearbox, it enables smooth engagement and disengagement of power.
Introduction to Automobile
The engine converts fuel’s heat energy into mechanical energy, powering the vehicle. Running on petrol or diesel, it is aptly called the heart of the vehicle. Its placement varies—it may be at the front, center, or rear, depending on the vehicle type.
Introduction to Automobile
The frame, made of stainless steel, is a sturdy backbone of the vehicle, rigidly joined by riveted cross frames. It supports the engine, transmission, and steering systems, carrying the vehicle's entire weight.
Safety
These are crucial First Aid DON'Ts to remember:
DO NOT:
1. Give an unconscious person food or drink. This can cause choking.
2. Leave the person alone. Always stay with them until professional help arrives.
3. Place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person. This may obstruct their airway.
4. Slap or splash water on an unconscious person. These methods do not help revive them and could worsen their condition.
Safety
First Aid Guidelines Part 2: Specific Medical Assistance
Assist a Choking Victim: Quick action is vital to prevent brain damage or death.
Treat Burns:
First & Second Degree: Use cool water; avoid creams or popping blisters.
Third Degree: Cover with a damp cloth; do not remove stuck clothing.
Handle Concussions: Look for symptoms like disorientation, nausea, vertigo, and lethargy.
Protect Spinal Injury Victims: Do not move the head, neck, or back unless there’s immediate danger.
Treat Bleeding & Shock:
Stop Bleeding: Apply direct pressure to the wound first.
Manage Shock: Keep blood flow stable, and keep the victim warm and calm.
Stay with the Victim: Comfort them and provide reassurance until help arrives.
Safety
First Aid Guidelines - Part 1:
Evaluate the Situation: Ensure the area is safe before assisting.
Avoid rushing into hazardous conditions.
Remember A-B-Cs:
Airway: Make sure the airway is clear.
Breathing: Confirm the person is breathing.
Circulation: Check for a pulse at major points.
Avoid Moving the Victim: Only move if they’re in immediate danger. Moving can worsen injuries, especially spinal injuries.
Call Emergency Services: Seek professional help right away. If alone, establish breathing first before calling.
Determine Responsiveness: Gently shake and speak to an unconscious person to check for a reaction.
Recognize and Manage Shock: Watch for pale skin, icy cold temperature, and signs of disorientation. Shock can be life-threatening.
Safety
The ABCs of first aid refer to the three critical things the first aiders need to look for :
Airway - Does the person have an unobstructed airway?
Breathing - Is the person breathing?
Circulation - Does the person show a pulse at major pulse points (wrist, carotid artery, groin)
Safety
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
PPE1: Helmet
PPE2: Safety footwear
PPE3: Respiratory protective equipment
PPE4: Arms and hands protection
PPE5: Eyes and face protection
PPE6: Protective clothing and coverall
PPE7: Ears protection
PPE8: Safety belt harness
Safety
Safety in a workshop can be broadly classified into 3 categories :
General safety
Personal safety
Machine safety
Machine Safety:
Switch off machines immediately if issues arise.
Keep machines clean; replace worn-out parts.
Do not adjust tools or workplaces while power is on.
Stop machines before changing speed; ensure safety guards are in place.
Take measurements only after stopping machines.
Use wooden planks for handling heavy loads.
Safety
Safety in a workshop can be broadly classified into 3 categories :
General safety
Personal safety
Machine safety
Personal Safety:
Wear a secured boiler suit; avoid loose clothing, jewelry, and accessories.
Use safety footwear; keep hair short.
Never lean on machines or clean hands with coolant fluid.
Start machines only after securing workplaces and ensuring a clear area.
Avoid distractions and faulty electrical equipment; only authorized electricians should handle connections.
Safety
Safety in a workshop can be broadly classified into 3 categories :
General safety
Personal safety
Machine safety
General Safety:
Keep floors and pathways clean; avoid running.
Only handle equipment if authorized; never leave running machines unattended.
Use proper tools and store them correctly; replace damaged ones promptly.
Never direct compressed air at people; clean machines only when stopped.
Ensure proper lighting and clear workplaces.